Abstract

This paper reviews the changing nature of Indian agriculture and agricultural problems since independence. The study discusses three major phases: the post-independence period before the Green Revolution (1947-1966), the Green Revolution period (1966-1991), and the period after the introduction of the New Economic Policy (1991 onwards). It examines the food shortage faced by India after independence, the introduction and effects of the Green Revolution, increasing dependence of farmers on agricultural inputs, rising production costs, globalization, import liberalization, farmer indebtedness, farmer suicides, demonetization and the impact of climate change on agriculture. The study highlights both the positive and negative consequences of agricultural transformation and emphasizes the need for sustainable and farmer-friendly agricultural policies.